Cracking of hydrocarbon oils



' pt 4, 1945- c. w. TYSON 2,384,356

CRACKING 0F HYDROCARBON OILS Filed July 26, 1939 3 Sheets-Sheet l 75 75 72 4/ s 7 3x07; 74 1 :22:: J9 L I .95, a Tom I. 64 62 PRECIPITA To i' |lTl 88 6AA? CONVEYOR 4:. Q l 6 /06 606 HQPPER u 91 A I 1 l x 4T; "':Z//

EXCHHNGER HEAT I Q 8/ 66 x i: 5,11 53 ,1 i

'nm m m, 92 hum mm. 83 m1 um [09 86 77 1 l BLOWER 97 Bwws 4 7a.. 9 85 C. W. TYSON CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS Sept. 4," 1945.

Filed July 26, 1939 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 reaction chamber is Patented Sept. 4, 1945 2,384,356 CRACKING OF HYDROCARBON OILS Charles W. Tyson,

Summit, N. J., assignor to Standard Oil Development Company, a corporation of Delaware Application July 26, 1939, Serial No. 286,49 15 Claims. (Cl. 196-52) Thi invention relates to the treatment of hydrocarbon oils and pertains more particularly to a method and apparatus adapted for conversion 01 hydrocarbon oils in the presence of a solid contact mass.

It has heretofore been proposed to crack hydrocarbon oils by passing such oils through a cracking zone containing a solid absorbent contact mass, such as, for example, naturally active or activated clays and certain synthetic compounds of similar absorbent nature. During the cracking process the contact mass more or less gradually becomes fouled with carbonaceous deposits which reduce the activity of the catalyst until eventually a point is reached Where it becomes necessary to regenerate the catalyst to restore its activity.

According to one of the bette known methods of carrying out the catalytic cracking process, the oil in vapor form preheated to the desired cracking temperature is passed through a reaction zone containing a solid mass of contact material. The rate of flow of the oil vapors is controlled to obtain a desired conversion into low boiling distillate products and the reaction products are then passed into conventional iractionating equipment for separation of the desired distillate products from the unconverted oil. In operating according to this method, the cracking operation is continued for a predetermined period until the activity of the catalyst is dropped to a point where it becomes no longer capable of effecting the desired conversion. The cracking cycle is then interrupted, the catalyst purged of residual oil and the carbonaceous deposits are burned from the catalyst by passing an oxidizing gas through the catalyst. After completing the regeneration the catalyst is again purged of regenerating gases and the then subjected to another cracking cycle.

when operating in this manner it has been the practice to mold the catalyst into small cylinders, discs, pills or other shapes of uniform size to insure more uniform distribution of oil vapors and regenerating gases through the mass and reduce the resistance of the contact mass to the flow of vapors and gases therethrough.

Such method of operation has a number of disadvantages. First, in view of the necessity of frequently interrupting the cracking cycle to effect the regeneration of the catalyst it is necessary to provide a number of reaction chambers in order to operate the process continuously, so that one chamber may be undergoing the cracking cycle while others are undergoing regeneration. The original investment, therefore, necessary for providing an apparatus capable of operating at commercial capacity becomes excessively large. A further disadvantage is that it is necessary to design a reaction chamber which is capable of operating as heretofore carrying out both the cracking operation and regenerating operation, Since the conditions for carrying out these two different operations are widely different, the design capable of most effectively carrying out the cracking cycle is not particularly adapted for effecting rapid regeneration of the catalyst mass. On the other hand, if the reaction chamber was designed primarily to effect rapid regeneration of the catalyst mass, the reaction chamber may not be particularly suitable for carrying out the cracking operation.

Attempts have also been made in a few cases to move the catalyst either in powder or granular form through the cracking zone along with the oil vapors to be cracked and then separating the catalyst from the reaction product. In accordance with this practice, the catalyst was regenerated outside the cracking zone in a separate regenerating unit, and the regenerated catalyst then recycled with the oil to be cracked.

While this method of operating overcomes a number of the difficulties and disadvantages inherent in the intermittent method of operating employing stationary masses of preformed catalyst, such attempts have not heretofore met with success for one reason or another. In some of the earlier attempts the wrong type of catalyst was used. In other cases an improper ratio of catalyst to oil vapors was employed or the oil vapors and catalyst ere retained in the reaction zone either too long 0 not long enough to obtain the desired results.

Furthermore, the methods employed for separating the catalyst from thereaction product and for regenerating the catalyst were relatively ineflicient. As a result, excessive losses of catalyst were encountered or expensive methods for recovering the catalyst from the reaction products were necessary.

The principal object of the present invention is to provide a. complete and unitary process and apparatus for carrying out catalytic cracking in a continuous manner which will not be subject to the objections and difficulties of this method of racticed.

A further, more detailed object of the carrying out the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon oils in a continuous manner wherein the catalyst in powdered or granular form is injected into the oil vapors to be cracked and passed through the cracking zone along with the oil.

A further, more specific object of the invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for more eifectively and emciently separating the catalyst froni tli'raction products.

A further, more detailed object of the invention is to provide an improved method of, and

apparatus for regenerating the catalyst particles inventioir is to provide a method of, and apparatus for after the activity thereof has been reduced by the formation of carbonaceous deposits thereon.

A further, more-specific object of the invention is to provide a method of carrying out catalytic cracking in a continuous manner wherein the catalyst is used more efllciently.

Other more specific and detailed objects of the invention will be apparent from the description hereinafter.

It will be understood that the invention in its generic form comprehends a complete unitary process for carrying out the catalytic cracking of oils in a continuous manner involving the cracking of the oils in the presence of a powdered catalyst, the separation of the oil vapors from the catalyst, the purging of the powdered catalyst so separated of residual oil vapors, the regeneration of the catalyst so separated, the purging of the regenerated catalyst of regenerating gases and the return of regenerating catalyst to the cracking process. It will be further understood that the invention also comprises such various combinations and sub-combinations of steps in carrying out the complete and unitary process as set forth in the claims hereinafter.

With the above objects and advantages in view, the invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the accompanying drawings wherein Figs. 1 and 1A are diagrammatic views of the apparatus for carrying out the catalytic cracking operation. Fig. 2 is a sectional view taken on line 11-11 of Fig. 1-A showing a. cross section of the reaction zone. Fig. 3 is a sectional view of a modification of the reaction chamber shown in Fig. 2.

Referring to Fig. 1, the oil to be cracked, in vapor form and with or without other diluent gases such as steam, hydrogen, etc., is introduced into the apparatus through line iii. Prior to introduction, the oil is preheated to the required cracking temperature by. suitable heating and vaporizing equipment which for purpose of simplicity is not shown on the drawing. In this portion of the process steam, hydrogen or other diluent may be added to aid in vaporization and/or improve the catalytic process. The oil vapors, with diluents if present, preheated to the desired reaction temperature, such as, for example,.from 750 F.-1050 F. are introduced through line In to an annular injection chamber ll surrounding a tubular conduit l2 through which passes a stream of powdered catalyst suspended in an inert gas such as steam, hydrogen, etc. The oil vapors introduced into the chamber II are injected into the suspension of catalyst and diluent gas passing through conduit l2 and are intimately admixed therewith.

The catalyst employed in the process may be any of the known materials capable of effecting the desired catalytic conversion, such as, for example, active or activated clays or synthetic absorbent gels consisting principally of silica and alumina.

The catalyst is preferably ground to a fine powder having a particle size from 200 to 400 standard mesh or even finer. The amount of catalyst as compared with the amount of oil vapors may range from 0.2 to 3 parts of catalyst per part of oil by weight, depending upon the temperature, activity of the catalyst, conversion desired and other factors.

The pressure employed in the cracking zone may be substantially atmospheric. subatmos- 'pheric, or moderate superatmospherlc such as from 2 to 20 atmospheres.

The oil vapors after being injected into the stream of powdered catalytic material pass through the conduit If to a reaction zone I8 (Fig. 1A). Such reaction zone may be of any suitable construction capable of maintaining the catalyst in suspension in the gas and vapor stream for a period sufficient to obtain the desired degree of cracking. According to one of the specific phases of the invention, such reaction zone comprises a tubular chamber 13 provided with longitudinal segmental baiiles l4 and is arranged to force the oil and catalyst suspension longitudinally through the reaction chamber a plurality of times before being withdrawn therefrom. Fig. 2 shows a cross section of such a chamber. As shown in Fig. 2, the reaction chamber comprises outer shell having two spaced longitudinal banie plates l4 and I! mounted within the shell extending transversely across the reaction chamber. Baille plate H is sealed to the entrance end of the reaction chamber and terminates a short distance from the exit end of the reaction chamber. Baiiie plate IS, on the other hand, is sealed to the exit end of the reaction chamber and terminates a short distance from the entrance end thereof so that the products introduced into the reaction chamber are forced to traverse substantially the full length of the reaction chamber three times before being withdrawn therefrom. Such a reaction chamber is simple and inexpensive to construct. Furthermore, the amount of heat lost by external radiation is relatively low due to the fact that the exposed surface is small compared to length through which the products travel. It will be noted that the products passing between the baffies are almost completely surrounded by products passing through the reactor. The outer shell may be lagged or lined with suitable heat insulating material or it ma be placed in a furnace setting and externally heated either to compensate for radiation losses or for supplying additional heat to the reaction. While two bailles have been shown for illustrative purposes any desired number of such baiiies may be provided for obtaining the desired contact time.

The baiiies positioned within the reaction chamber are preferably spaced so that the cross sectional area of the three passages formed by the bellies and the wall of the reaction chamber is substantially the same so that the products passing therethrough are maintained at substantially uniform velocity.

In lieu of providing transverse baiiies, as shown in Fig. 2, tubular concentric bafiies may be positioned within the chamber as illustrated in Fig. 3. One end of the concentric baflles is sealed to the end of the reaction chamber and the other end terminates a short distance from the opposite end of the reaction chamber in the same manner as the transverse baffles shown in Figs. 1A and 2. In such construction, the products containing the powdered catalyst in suspension first pass through the outside annular space between the wall of the reaction chamber and the first concentric baflie. The products then reverse and pass through the annular space between the first concentric tubular 'baiiles and the central tubular baiile. Thereafter, the products reverse their direction and pass through-the central tubular bailie and are withdrawn from the opposite end of the chamber.

The linear velocity of the gases passing through the reaction zone should be sufiicient to maintain the catalyst in suspension and may be of the order of from to '75 feet per second.

The time of passage of the oil vapors and the catalyst through the reaction zone is preferably controlled to effect from to 80% conversion of the oil into gasoline constituents. The actual time in seconds for effecting such conversion will depend upon the relative proportions of catalyst and oil vapors passing through the reaction zone, the activity of the catalyst, the temperature to which the oil is heated, the nature of the oil to be cracked and other factors and may range in general between 1 second and 1 /2 minutes.

It will be understood, however, that the relative proportions of catalyst and oil vapors and the actual time of passage of the mixture through the reaction zone is to a certain extent reciprocal in that the lower the ratio, the longer the time necessary to obtain the required conversion. To obtain the best distribution of products, namely, the highest yield of desirable products, such as distillate and intermediate condensates, the relative proportions of catalyst and oil vapors charged to the reaction zone and the time of contact within the zone should be within the range described.

In certain cases it may be desirable to supply additional heat to the suspension of catalyst and oil vapors in order to carry out the desired degree of cracking. For example, when processing heavy stocks, in order to avoid excessive thermal ing it may be desirable to avoid preheating the oil to temperatures in excess of 800 F. whereas it may be desirable to carry out the catalytic cracking at temperatures of the order of 900 F. or 1000" F.

In such cases the reaction chamber may take the form of a iired coil or a fired coil may be placed in line l2 leading to reaction chamber i3 to preheat oil vapor catalyst mixture.

The reaction products after being maintained in the reaction zone for a period suflicient to effect the desired conversion as previously described are passed through the conduit 11 to a cyclone separator IS in which the bulk of the powdered catalytic material is removed from the oil vapors. Cyclone separators of conventional design are normally adapted to operate on gases having as a maximum about grains of dust per cubic foot of gas. Such separators are provided with a bottom section for collecting the dust particles having side walls inwardly converging from top to bottom to form a conical collecting chamber. It .has been found that this type of design is not suitable for separating the bulk of the powdered material from the cracked product. Because of the relatively large volume of powdered material carried in the gases the powdered catalyst tends to clog or plug up the conical collector. It has been found that this dimculty can be overcome by providing vertical or nearly vertical side walls for the collecting chamber that is shown in the drawing.

The bulk of the powdered material separated in the cyclone separator l8 collected in the bottom, is continuously removed therefrom by means of a suitable transfer mechanism, such as a screw conveyor Ill.

The screw conveyor i9 forces the catalyst so separated into a conduit 2! leading to a stripping section 22 of a tower 23. An inert gaseous stripping medium may be injected into the transfer line 2i through line 24. Such inert gas may, for example, comprise steam, low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc.

The stripping chamber 22 may be provided with inverted V-shaped baiiles 25 to expedite stripping crackline 34 interconnecting the of the oil vapors from the catalyst. If desired, all or additional inert stripping medium may be introduced into the catalyst in the stripping section 22 through perforated tubes 25 positioned below the baffles 25.

The bottom of the stripping section 22 of the tower 23 has an opening 21 provided with a closure valve 28 so that by opening the valve 28 the catalyst from the stripping section 22 may be discharged into an intermediate section 29 of the tower 23. A valved pressure equalizing line 30 interconnects the intermediate section 29 with the upper stripping section 22.

The bottom of the intermediate section 29 is likewise provided with an opening 3! having a closure valve 32, so that by operating valve 32 products from the intermediate section 29 may be transferred into the bottom section 33. A second valved equalizing line 3l interconnects intermediate section 29 with the bottom section 33.

The powdered catalyst collected in the upper stripping section 22 after having been stripped of residual oil vapors is periodically charged into the intermediate section 29 through the valved opening 21. During passage of the powdered catalyst from the stripping section 22 to the intermediate section 29, the valve in equalizing line 30 is opened to equalize the pressure between the two sections. After a predetermined quantity of powdered catalyst is transferred from the upper stripping section 22 to the intermediate section 29, valve 28 is closed, closing communication between the two sections. The valve in equalizing line 30 is also closed and the valve in equalizing bottom section with the intermediate section 29 is opened to equalize the pressure between these two sections. The valve 32 in the bottom of the intermediate section 29 may then be opened permitting the prodnets to drop from the intermediate section into the lower section 33 of the tower 23.

The lower section 33 forms a feed hopper for charging the catalyst to the regenerating unit.

By providing an intermediate section 29 between the stripping section 22 and the feed hopper 33 for the regenerating circuit, a differential pressure may be maintained between the stripping section and the regenerating circuit.

If desired, additional inert gas may be introduced into the intermediate section 29 through line 35 to build up the desired pressure on the catalyst for carrying out the regeneration.

Thebottom of the lower section 33 is provided with suitable feeding mechanism, such as, for example, a rotary star feeder 40 for continuously removing the catalyst from tower 23 and injecting it into a stream of regenerating gases. To this end the star feeder l0 discharges the catalyst into a conduit H where it meets a hot carrier gas introduced through jet 2 and is transferred by means of said carrier gas into the bottom of the regenerating chamber 45. The carrier gas is preferably spent products of regeneration and may contain sufficient free oxygen to initiate the combustion of the carbonaceous deposits contained on the catalyst. This carrier gas is preferably under substantial pressure such as from 2 to 20 atmospheres. The catalyst to be regenerated suspended in the carrier gas is carried into the bottom of vertical regenerating tower 45, the side wall of which flares outwardly to form an inverted cone-shaped regenerating chamber of progressively increasing diameter. The tower 45 is preferably provided with a heat insulating lining (not shown). Positioned within the tower are a.

plurality of elements for mixing the dispersed powdered material and added regenerating and cooling gases. These mixing elements may comprise, for example, spaced baffles 46, 41 and 48. Each of said baiiies is preferably saucer-shaped with an outer conical rim portion and a central flat section. The flat sections of the baiiles 46, 41 and 48 are provided with slotted openings 48, 50 and respectively. Depending from the flat section of the baiiles 46, 41, and 48 and surrounding the slotted openings therein are depending annular sleeves 52, 53, and 54 respectively. The ends of the sleeves 52, 53 and 54 are likewise provided with slotted openings 55, 56 and 51, extending at right angles to the slotted openings 48, 58 and 5| in the baffles 46, 41 and 48 respec-- tively.

It will be apparent from the above description that before the products can pass from one side of the baiile to the other, they must first pass through slotted openings into a confined annular space formed by the depending sleeve and then must pass through a second slotted opening extending at right angles to the first slot. This construction therefore, insures intimate mixing of the powdered catalyst particles in the regenerating gas during passage from one side of the baffle plate to the other.

Extending through the wall of the regenerating chamber at spaced points longitudinally thereof are a plurality of pipes 58, 58 and 60 for introducing additional supplies of regenerating and cooling gas. The pipes 58, 58 and 60 pro- Ject a substantial distance within the regenerating chamber and preferably terminate adjacent to the slots 55, 56 and 51. The gas introduced through lines 58, 58 and 60 into the regenerating chamber 45 may be an inert gas such as spent combustion gases from the regenerating circuit, as hereinafter described, or it may contain additional amounts of free oxygen for burning the carbonaceous deposits from the catalyst particles. The gases are preferably introduced through pipes 58, 58 and 68 at a temperature materially below the temperature within the regenerating chamber to thereby cool the gases in the regenerating chamber and prevent the temperature from exceeding the desired maximum.

The regenerating equipment as Just described. permits careful regulation of the regenerating temperature. The catalyst suspension introduced into the bottom of the regenerating chamber may, for example, be at an ignition temperature, such as, for example 850 F. When the temperature due to the combustion of the carbonaceous deposits has reached 1000", for example, an additional cooling gas with or without oxygen, may be introduced through the conduit 58 to reduce the temperature to 850 F. As the combustion of the carbonaceous deposits continues and the temperature again reaches 1000 F., additional cooling gas with or without additional oxygen is introduced through the conduit 58 and the temperature of the product is again reduced to the minimum ignition temperature, such as 850 F. As the combustion further continues and the temperature again reaches 1000 F., additional cooling gas is further introduced through line 50 to again reduce the temperature to the lowest desired ignition temperature. Any suitable number of conduits for introduction of the cool gas may be provided at spaced points within the regenerating chamber to effect the desired control of the temperature.

The time necessary to retain the catalyst within the regenerating chamber 45 in order to complete the regeneration will depend upon the amount of coke or carbonaceous deposits contalned on the catalyst and other factors. Under normal conditions of operation substantially complete regeneration can be obtained in a period ranging from 5 to 75 seconds.

By constructing the regenerating chamber in the form of an inverted cone, the velocity of the gases passing through the regenerating chamber will be highest on the inlet side of the several combustion zones formed by the baflle plate 46, 41 and 48 so that any catalyst which normally tends to settle out in the upper zones of these sections will be again suspended in the regenerating gases by reason of the higher velocity in the bottom portion of the section. The conical shape of the regenerating chamber also tends to keep more nearly uniform the velocities in the various sections inasmuch as the largest cross section is provided where the largest portion of regeneration gases have been added.

After passing through the regenerating chamber 45 the regenerated catalyst and gases will pass through line 6| to a cyclone separator 62 of a construction similar to separator l8 previously described. The bulk of the regenerated catalyst is removed from the regenerating gases during passage through the separator 62 and collected in the bottom thereof. The bottom of the cyclone separator is provided with a suitable conveyor mechanism, such as a screw conveyor 63 for removing the catalyst so separated. The powdered catalyst so removed is passed through a. transfer line 64 to the upper section 65 of a vertical tower 66 constructed the same as the vertical tower 23 heretofore described. Inert stripping gas, such as steam or combustion gases for stripping the regenerated catalyst of regenerating gases may be introduced into the transfer line 64 through line 61.

The upper stripping section of the chamber 68 may also be provided with suitable inverted V- shaped baffles to facilitate removal of the regenerating gas from the catalyst. Also additional introduced into the upper section 65 through perforated tubes disposed below the inverted V-shaped bailies.

The catalyst collected in the upper section 65 of the chamber 66 is periodically transferred to the intermediate section 68 wherein it is placed under desired pressure and thence transferred to the bottom section 68 which serves as a feeding hopper for feeding the regenerated catalyst to the cracking circuit.

or the like for building up any desired pressure therein. The bottom of the lower compartment 68 is provided with suitable mechanism, such as a rotary star feeder 10 for removing the catalyst from the bottom of the compartment and introducing it into the initial conduit 12 in which it meets the fresh vapors to be cracked. The catalyst from the feeder 10 is picked up by an inert gaseous medium, such as steam, introduced through injector nozzle II.

By first suspending the catalyst in an inert gas, before commingling the oil vapors to be cracked therewith, an inert gaseous shield is provided between the conveyor-or feeder mechanism 10 and i the point of introduction of the oil vapors, which prevents the oil vapors from passing back into the conveyor mechanism and plugging the conveyor second cyclone separator with carbonaceous deposits. The regenerating gas free from the bulk of the regenerated catalyst in the cyclone separator 62 but still containing substantial quantities of powdered catalyst is removed therefrom through line 12 and passed to a of conventional design wherein further powdered catalyst is removed from the gaseous stream. The powdered catalyst so removed drops to the bottom section 14 of the cyclone separator and is transferred by means of suitable mechanism directly into the upper stripping section of the vertical chamber 66.

The regenerating gases after passing through the second cyclone separator 13 in which most of the remaining powdered catalyst is removed continue through line 15 to an initial heat exchanger 16 which may comprise a waste heat boiler or any other suitable heat exchange mechanism. The products passed through the waste heat boiler are preferably cooled from a regenerating temperature down to a temperature of the order of from 700 F. to 900 F. After passing through the waste heat boiler, a part of these gases may be passed through line 11 to a blower T8 and thence forced through line 19 to the injector nozzle 42 and used as a carrier for the unregenerated catalyst removed from the bottom of the chamber 23. The regenerating gases passing through line 15 contain excess oxygen.

The remainder of the gases, after passing through the initial heat exchanger 16 may continue through a second heat exchanger 8| and be cooled to a temperature of the order of 400 F. to 600 F. A part of the gas stream, after passing through the second heat exchanger BI may be passed through a third heat exchanger 83 and further cooled to a temperature such as. for example, 200 F. to 300 F. The gases so cooled may be then recycled through line 84, blower 85, line 86. manifold 81 and branch lines 58, 59, and '50 back to the regenerating chamber as a cooling agent therefor.

The remainder of the regenerating gases after passing through the second heat exchanger BI may be passed through line 88 to an electrical precipitator 89 of conventional design for removing the last traces of the powdered catalyst from the regenerating gases. The catalyst so separated in the electrical precipitator may be charged into a hopper 9| from whence it may pass through line 92 to the intermediate compartment 68 of the chamber 66 and there combined with regenerated catalyst separated in the cyclone separators.

The regenerating gases from the electrical precipitator 89 are then passed through line 93 and expanded in a turbine 94 to atmospheric pressure. The energy liberated in the turbine 94 may be employed for compressing the air employed for accomplishing the regeneration. To this end, the turbine 94 is shown interconnected with a motor-generator S and the air blower 9'! so that any power deficiency or surplus over that necessary to compress the air for introduction into the regenerating chamber may be subplied or removed by the motor-generator 95. The air from the air compressor 91 may be passed through line 98 to a manifold line 99 (see Fig. 1A) having branch lines IOI. I02 and I03, merging with lines 58, 59, and 60 entering the regenerating chamber 45 so that the air may be introduced at spaced points within the regenerating chamber as previously described. If desired, a part or all of the air for effecting reof conventional generation may be passed from line 98 through a branch line I04 and commingled with the highly heated regenerating gases recycled through line 19 and employed as a carrier for transferring the unregenerated catalyst to the regenerating chamher.

A part or all of the regenerating gases after passing through I rather than being recycled directly to the regenerating chamber 45 may be passed through line I05 to a combustion chamber I06 to remove excess oxygen from the regenerating gases by introducing combustible material such as hydrocarbon gas through line I05. The combustible gas is burned in chamber I06. The products from the combustion chamber I06 may be passed through a suitable heat exchanger IIlBa for recovery of heat therefrom and thereafter vented from the system or recycled to the regenerating chamber through line I01 if desired.

As a further alternative, all of the regenerating gases after passing through the two cyclone separators 62 and I4 may be passed directly through line 15 and line I08 to the combustion chamber I06 for removing combustion products therefrom prior to passing to the heat exchanger 16 and III. In such case, the combustion products from the combustion chamber I08 may be passed through line I09 to the heat exchangers 16, 8| and 83 respectively.

The inert gas produced in chamber I06 after leaving cooler I06A may be used for stripping in stripping sections 22 and 65, and/ or as a stripping medium in pipes 24 and 61, and/or pressure control medium in pipes 35 and 68-A.

Returning now to the cracking process, the oil vapors after passing through the initial cyclone separator I8 in which the bulk of the catalyst is separated therefrom pass through line III to a second cyclone separator II2 of conventional design for effecting further separation of powdered material from the oil vapors. The powdered catalyst in the second cyclone separator is transferred by means of a star feeder II3 to the stripping section 22 of the chamber 23. Vapors from the second cyclone separator II2 pass through line II4 to an electrical precipitator II5 for further removal of the catalyst particles fromthe oil vapors.

One of the important features of the present invention is the substantially complete removal of the powdered catalytic material in dry state before condensation of the oil vapors. By so doing, the catalyst is separated in a state in which it can be readily purged of residual oil products, regenerated and directly re-used.

The overhead products from the electrical precipitator pass through line I I8 to a suitable fractionating tower (not shown) for the fractionation and separation of the desired motor fuel products from the remainder of the cracked products. The fractionating equipment may be design and need not here be described. Any powdered catalyst material not separated by the electrical precipitator II5 will collect in the bottom of the fractionating tower. The bottoms of the fractionating tower may comprise the total cycle stock of the process or a heavy-boiling cycl'e stock fraction may besegregated during a trap-out tray the fractionation by means of located in the fractionating tower or by the use of two or more fractionating towers so that the dust particles passing to the fractionating tower will be collected in the heaviest boiling gas oil fraction.

the third heat exchanger 83 7 Returning again to the vertical tower 23 in the hydrogel and decomposing the nitrate to which the unregenerated catalyst is first stripped form a mixed silica alumina oxide having a mol of oil vapors and then transferred from the ratio of silica to alumina of about 12 to 1. The cracking cycle to the regenerating chamber, the fresh catalyst introduced through star conveyor gases separated in the stripping section 22 pass into the conduit I2 is first suspended in a overhead through line I20 to a cyclone separator stream of steam introduced through jet II at a IN or similar device for separation of any catrate of about 5,000 lbs. per hour. The initial alyst particles therefrom. The powdered catpressure on the mixture of steam catalyst and alyst so separated is again returned to the upper oil vapors is preferably only suflicient to overcompartment 22 through line I22 provided with 10 come friction losses in the unit although it may star feeder "2-4. The gases from the cyclone for example, be of the order of 45 lbs. per square separator consisting of residual oil vapors coninch. The mixture of catalyst, steam and oil tained in the unregenerated catalyst and relavapors passes through transfer line I2 to a retively large amounts of inert gas introduced for action chamber I8 substantially 10 feet in diamstrlpping purposes through line 24 pass through eter and 60 feet in length and containing two line I23 to a condenser I24 and thence to a rebaffles as shown in the drawings. The time of ceiver I25. While such gases may be passed to passages of the oil catalyst suspension through the fractionator, in which the vapors from the the transfer line and reaction chamber is prefcracking cycle are fractionated, it is desirable erably of the order of 45 seconds. The product to subject them to separate condensation. The after passing through the reaction chamber liquid collected in receiver I25 may be subjected passes through line I! to a cyclone separator I8 to further distillation and fractionating treatwherein the bulk of the powdered catalyst is ment to separate the same into the desired prodremoved from the vapor stream. Vapor removed ucts. from the cyclone separator I8 and containing Stripping gas from the stripping section 85 of 25 about 40 grains of catalyst per cubic foot of gas, the tower 86 receiving the regenerating catalyst passes to the second cyclone separator II2 may be returned to the main regenerating gas wherein further dust particles are removed leavline 12 through line I26. ing about 2 grains per cubic foot of catalyst in Fresh catalyst for starting up the operation the vapors leaving the second separator. Vapors and for making up for that lost during the crackleaving the second separator pass to the elecing process may be supplied at any desired point trical precipitator II5 wherein additional catin the cracking circuit. When supplying fresh alyst is removed therefrom so that the vapors catalyst to make up for that lost during the leaving the precipitator are substantially free cracking operation, however, it is preferred to of powder material containing not more than .3

add the fresh catalyst to the unregenerated catgrains per cubic ft. These vapors then pass alyst and pass the mixture through the regento a conventional fractionating equipment erating chamber so that the fresh catalyst and wherein the desired distillate product consisting regenerated catalyst can be brought to equiof products boiling within the gasoline boiling librium temperature and moisture conditions rangeis taken off overhead. prior to introduction into the primary cracking 40 The catalyst separated in the cyclone separacircuit. To this end a fresh catalyst hopper I2I tors and electrical precipitatorpasses through 9.

I2! is periodically discharged through a valved pors. To effect the strippi operation an inert opening in the bottom thereof into a double bell gas is introduced through line 24 atarate of about hopper I28 adapted to maintain a pressure seal 6 Cu c e per minute h Spent C a y between the catalyst hopper and the spent cattower 23 under the above conditions maybe about alyst t w 23, Th fresh catalyst i charged 10 feet in diameter and 71 feet in height of which from the d ble b ll hopper [2a through line 22 feet may be in the stripping section, 22 feet in of the tower 23. feet in bottom feed hopper 33. Thi tower is pref- The following example of the method of operably ata temperature of about 850 F. Aninert erating the process may be helpful to a better gas at t ate 1 ut 115 cu ic eet per minute understanding of the invention, it being undery e introduced o the intermediate Pressure stood that the values given herein are illussection 29. The unregenerated catalyst is retrative rather than limitative. In the example, moved from the bottom of the tower 23 through the amount of oil and catalyst and the size of a star conveyor 40 at a rate of about 226 cubic the equipment specified is for processing 20,000 feet per minute, or in other words at the same barrels of oil per stream day with an equilibrium te t he Cata yst is fed to the oil vapors conversion of about 40% per pass. through star conveyor I0. The unregenerated An East Texasvirgin gas oil having an A. P. I. atalyst f s conveyor 0 i susp nd d in gravity of about 33 is initially vaporized and. recycled re enera i a s gas is at a temheated to a reaction temperature of about 900 F. p r ture o a out F. and under a pressure of at a rate sufiicient to avoid any substantial about -1 q a inchhe recycled rea ount f t r 1 cracking in the preheating o5 generating gas is introduced into conduit 4| at a quipment. The preheated gas oil vapors pass rate of about 7930 cubic feet per minute. through charge line I0 and injection sleeve u The su p si n of catalyst and regenerating into conduit I2 at a rate of about 7400 cubic feet as then passes into the regenerating h e 45 per minute. Fresh catalyst is charged through Which' approximately n diameter at the star conveyor ID of the regenerated catalyst bottom, in diameter at the 1 and a ut 8 tower 66 at a rate of about 226 cubic feet per n length A cooling as, at a temperature of minute or about 7930 lbs. per minute. This catabout 250 F. is introduced at spaced points along alyst is a synthetic silica alumina oxide gel catthe reaction chamber through lines 58, 58 and 68 alyst formed by impregating a silica hydrogel at a rate regulated to control the temperature with an aluminum nitrate and thereafter drying within the reaction chamber below a predetermined temperature which is preferably 1000 F. The amount of cooling gases so introduced may be of the order of 41,850 cubic feet per minute of which 8650 cubic feet may be introduced through line 58, 11,000 cubic feet through line 59, and 22,200 cubic feet through line 60. The time of passage of the suspension of regenerating gas and catalyst through the regenerating chamber will be controlled to substantially completely remove the carbonaceous deposits contained on the catalyst. Also the amount of air introduced into the regenerating circuit will be regulated to control the temperature during regeneration, In case the amount of coke on the catalyst represents between 1% and 3%, of the oil feed to the process, the amount of air introduced into the regenerating chamber may be of the order of from 8,000 to 35,000 cubic feet per minute at 100 F. The time of passage of the suspension through the regenerating chamber may be of the order of from 10 to 60 seconds.

The suspension of regenerated catalyst and gas after passing through the regenerating chamber passes through line 6| to the cyclone separator 62 wherein the bulk of the catalyst is removed from the gas stream. Under the above conditions the relative volume of gases passing to the electrical precipitator will be of the order of from 70,000 to 80,000 cubic feet per minute and the temperature will be of the order of from 900 F. to 1000 F.

The regenerating gases separated in the first cyclone separator 62 and containing about 40 grains of catalyst per cubic foot of gas pass to the second separator 13 wherein additional catalyst particles are separated leaving about 2 grains per cubic foot of catalyst in the gases removed from the second cyclone separator. The regenerated catalyst separated in the cyclone separators $2 and 13 are charged into the stripping section 65 of the generated catalyst tower 66 in which they are stripped of regenerated gases by the introduction of an inert gas such as nitrogen or steam introduced into the line 61 at a rate of about 2260 cubic feet per minute. V

The regenerated catalyst tower 66 may be of the same dimensions as the tower 23. The stripped regenerated catalyst is periodically charged to the intermediate section 68 where it is placed under the same pressure as the bottom feeding2 section 69 and then discharged into the bottom 5 feeding section where it is returned to the cracking circuit.

' The regenerating gase pass through the first waste heat boiler I6, designed to produce steam under 250 lbs. pressure. In the first waste heat boiler the temperature of the gas is reduced from about 925 F. to 950 F. down to 800 F. to 850 F. A portion of the cooled gas amounting to about 7930 cubic feet per minute is returned by blower 18 as carrier gas for the unregenerated catalyst. The remainder passes through a second waste heat boiler, designed to produce steam under about 125 lbs. pressure,and cooled to a temperature of about 500 F. A portion of the remainder amounting to about 25,700 cubic feet per minute is passed through a water cooler and reduced to a temperature of from 200 F. to 300 F. and then recycled as a cooling agent for the regenerating chamber as previously described. The remainder passes to the electrical precipitator and then to the turbine.

While the apparatus has been described with particular reference to the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon oils to which it is particularly adaptable, it will be understood that in its broader aspect it will have a more general application such as for carrying out other types of high temperature hydrocarbon reaction such as reforming, desulfurization, alkylation, polymerization, etc. The apparatus also has particular application to the coking of 'residual oil stock in the presence of a relatively inert adsorbent powder such as pumice or spent clay. In such cases the adsorbent material will have little if any catalytic activity but will serve as an adsorbent for the coke formed during the vis-breaking or coking operation which coke may later be burned off from the inert material in a regenerating circuit such as shown'in the drawing.

Having thus described the specific embodiment of the invention it will be understood that other modifications and variations have come within the spirit and scope thereof. It will also be understood that it is not the intention to unnecc ssarily restrict the invention or dedicate any novel features thereof.

I claim:

1. A method for catalytically cracking hydrocarbon oils to form lower-boiling products suitable for motorfuels which comprises vaporizing the oil to be cracked, injecting a powdered catalyst into a stream of said hydrocarbon vapors. passing said stream containing said powdered catalyst through a reaction zone maintained at reaction temperature, maintaining said vapors within said reaction zone at a velocity sufficient to maintain the catalyst in suspension, keeping the catalyst and vapors in said reaction zone for a period sufficient to effect the desired cracking thereof, thereafter separating the powdered catalyst contaminated with volatile residual oil products and carbonaceous deposits from the cracked vapors while at a temperature sufficient to avoid any substantial condensation of said cracked vapors, thereafter fractionating the cracked products to separate the desired motor fuel products therefrom, removing volatile residual oil from the catalyst so removed, thereafter suspending the catalyst 50 removed ina gaseous stream,

-' passing said stream containing said powdered catalyst through a regenerating zone, maintaining an oxidizing atmosphere within the regenerating zone at a temperature sufficient to burn carbonaceous deposits contained on said catalyst, introducing a cooling fluid in direct contact with the catalyst within said regenerating zone to control the temperature of regeneration below a predetermined maximum, thereafter separating theregenerated catalyst from said gaseous stream and returning the same to said first mentioned reaction zone.

2. A method of catalytically cracking hydrocarbon oil to form lower-boiling hydrocarbons suitable for motor fuel which comprises vaporizing the oil to' be cracked, injecting a powdered catalyst into a stream of said hydrocarbon vapors, passing said stream containing said powdered catalyst in suspension through a reaction zone maintained at reaction temperature, maintaining said vapors within said reaction zone at a velocity sufficient to maintain said catalyst in suspension, keeping said catalyst and vapors in the reaction zone for a period sufficient to obtain the desired cracking thereof, thereafter separating the powdered catalyst contaminated with carbonaceous deposits and volatilizable residual oil products from the cracked products while at a temperature sufficient to avoid any substantial condensation of said crackedproducts, fractionating the resulting cracked products to separate catalyst; in a gaseous stream,

the desired motor fuel products therefrom,removing residual oil products from the powdered catalyst so removed, thereafter suspending the powdered catalyst containing said carbonaceous deposits in a gaseous carrier, passing said carrier containing said powdered catalyst through an elongated regenerating zone, maintaining an oxidizing atmosphere within said regenerating zone at a temperature sufficient to burn the carbonaceous deposits from said powdered catalyst, introducing a cooling fluid into said regenerating zone at spaced points there-along to control. the temperature during regeneration, thereafter removing the powdered catalyst substantially free of said carbonaceous deposits from said gaseous carrier and returning the same to said first-named reaction zone.

3. A method of catalytically cracking hydrocarbon oils to form lower-boiling hydrocarbons suitable for motor fuel which comprises vaporizing the hydrocarbon oil to be cracked, injecting a powdered catalyst into a stream of hydrocarbons so vaporized, passing said stream containing said powdered catalyst through a cracking zone maintained at cracking temperature, maintaining said hydrocarbon vapors at a velocit suflicient to maintain said powdered catalyst in suspension within said cracking zone, keeping said catalyst and vapors in the reaction zone for a period sufficient to effect the desired conversion thereof, thereafter separating the powdered catalyst contaminated with carbonaceous deposits and volatile residual oil from the cracked vapors while at a temperature suflicient to avoid any substantial condensation of said vapors, thereafter passing said vapors to a fractionating zone to separate a, desired distillate product therefrom, removing volatile residual oil from the catalyst so removed, thereafter suspending said powdered stream containing said powdered catalyst successively through a plurality of combustion zones.

maintaining an oxidizing atmosphere in each of said combustion zones at a temperature suflicient to burn carbonaceous deposits from said catalyst, thereafter separating the powdered catalyst substantially free of carbonaceous deposits from said gaseous stream, and returning the same to the first-named cracking zone.

4. A method of catalytically cracking hydrocarbon oil to form lower-boiling hydrocarbons suitable for motor fuel which comprises vaporizing the hydrocarbon oil to be cracked, injecting a powdered catalyst into a stream of said hydrocarbons so vaporized, containing the powdered catalyst through a cracking zone maintained at cracking temperature, passing said vapors through said cracking zone at a velocity sufficient to maintain said catalyst in suspension, keeping pors in said cracking zone to effect the desired cracking thereof, thereafter separating the powdered catalyst contaminated with carbonaceous deposits and volatile residual oil from said cracked vapors while at a temperature suflicient to avoid any substantial condensation of said vapors, fractionating the vapors so separated to segregate a desired motor fuel product therefrom. removing volatile residual oil from said catalyst removed from said vapors, thereafter suspending said last-named catalyst in a gaseous stream, passing said gaseous stream successively through a plurality of combustion zones, intimately mixing the gaseous stream and catalyst particles during passage of said stream from one combustion zone to another, maintaining an oxidizing atmosphere and a temperature within each of said combustion zones sufficient to remove carbonaceous deposits from said catalysts, thereafter separating the powdered catalyst substantially free of carbonaceous deposits from said last-named gaseous stream and returning the same to said first-named cracking zone.

5. In the vapor phase catalytic treatment of hydrocarbons wherein the treatment is accomplished in the presence of a powdered adsorbent material suspended therein and the adsorbent material then separated from the treated vapors and regenerated before further use; the improvement which comprises separating the powdered adsorbent material containing carbonaceous deposits and residual hydrocarbons adsorbed thereon from the treated vapors, stripping the adsorbent material adsorbent material in said last-named zone to a substantial super-atmospheric pressure. thereafter suspending said adsorbent material in a gaseous stream, passing said gaseous stream containing said adsorbent material through a regenerating zone containing an oxidizing atmosphere maintained at a temperature sufiicient to burn said carbonaceous deposits from said adsorbent material and thereafter separating the adsorbent material substantially free of carbonaceous deposits from said gaseous stream.

6. In the vapor phase treatment of hydrocarbons wherein the treatment is accomplished in maximum, and thereafter separating the regenerated adsorbent material from the gaseous stream.

7. In the vapor phase treatment of hydrocarbons wherein the treatment is accomplished in the presence of a powdered catalyst suspended therein which becomes contaminated with carbonaceous deposits during said treatment and the catalyst is then separated from the treated vapors and regenerated before further use; the improvement in the method of regenerating said catalyst which comprises suspending the catalyst in a gaseous stream, successively passing said stream containing said catalyst through a plurality of combustion zones containing an oxidizing atmosphere and maintained at a temperature sufficient to burn carbonaceous deposits contained on said catalysts, introducing a cooling gas into each of said combustion zones to cause regulated temperature below a predetermined maximum, and thereafter separating the regenerated catalyst from the gaseous stream.

8. In the vapor phase treatment of hydrocarbons wherein the treatment is accomplished in the presence of a powdered catalyst suspended therein which becomes contaminated with carbonaceous deposits during said treatment and the catalyst is then separated from the treated vapors and regenerated before further use; the improvement which comprises suspending the catalyst to be regenerated in a gaseous stream, passing the gaseous stream containing said catalyst through an elongated regenerating zone containing an oxidizing atmosphere maintained at a temperature sufficient to burn carbonaceous deposits from said catalyst, thereafter separating the catalyst from said gaseous stream, partially cooling the gases so separated, employing a portion of the gases so cooled as a gaseous stream in which said catalyst is suspended prior to regeneration, subjecting the remainder of said gaseous stream to further cooling and injecting at least a portion of the further cooled gases into the regenerating zone as a cooling medium therefor.

9. In the vapor phase treatment of hydrocarbons wherein the treatment is accomplished in the presence of a powdered adsorbent material suspended therein which becomes contaminated with carbonaceous deposits during said treatment and the adsorbent material is separated from the treated vapors and regenerated before further use; the improvement which comprises suspending the adsorbent material to be regenerated into a gaseous stream, passing said gaseous stream through an elongated regenerating zone containin an oxidizing atmosphere maintained at a temperature sufficient to burn carbonaceous deposits contained on said adsorbent material, thereafter separating the regenerated.adsorbent material from said gaseous stream, passing said gaseous stream through an initial cooling zone, employing a portion of the resulting cooled gases as the gaseous stream in which said catalyst is suspended, subjecting the remainder of said gases to further cooling, passing at least a portion of said gases so further cooled into said regenerating zone at spaced points therealong and admixing air with said last-named gases so introduced.

10. In the vapor phase catalytic treatment of hydrocarbons wherein the treatment is accomplished in the presence of a, powdered catalyst suspended therein which becomes contaminated with carbonaceous deposits during said treatment and the catalyst is then separated from the treated vapors and regenerated before further use; the improvement which comprises suspending the powdered catalyst in a gaseous stream, passing said gaseous stream through an elongated regenerating zone containing an oxidizing atmosphere maintained at a temperature sufficient to burn carbonaceous deposits from said catalysts, thereafter separating the catalyst from said gaseous stream, passing the stream so separated through an initial cooling zone, partially cooling the gases therein, employing a portion of the gases so cooled as the gaseous stream in which said catalyst is suspended, subjecting the remainder of said gases to further cooling in a second cooling zone, passing a portion of the gases so further cooled into said regenerating zone at spaced points therealong to control the temperature of regeneration, and electrically precipitating powdered material from the remainder of said gases.

11. In the vapor phase catalytic treatment of hydrocarbons wherein the treatment is accomplished in the presence of a powdered catalyst suspended therein which becomes contaminated with carbonaceous deposits during said treatment and the catalyst is then separated from the treated vapors and regenerated before further use; the improvement in the method of regeneration which comprises suspending the catalyst to be regenerated in a gaseous stream, passing said gaseous stream containing said catalyst through an elongated regenerating zone of progressively increasing cross-sectional area, maintaining an oxidizing atmosphere within said regenerating zone and a temperature sufficient to burn carbonaceous deposits contained on said catalyst, and thereafter separating the regenerated catalyst from the gaseous stream.

12. In the catalytic treatment of hydrocarbon oil wherein the catalyst is suspended in the oil vapors to be treated, the suspension passed through a reaction zone, the catalyst'thereafter separated from the treated products, the catalyst so separated suspended in an inert gaseous medium substantially free of free oxygen, the last-named suspension then passed through a regenerating zone in admixture with an oxidizing gas and the catalyst thereafter separated from the regenerating gas; the improvement which comprises treating the regenerating gas after removal of the regenerated catalyst to remove excess oxidizing agent contained therein and thereafter utilizing the treated regenerating gas in the process.

13. The invention defined in claim 12 wherein the treated regenerating gas is employed as the inert gaseous medium in which the catalyst is suspended prior to passing to the regenerating zone.

14. The invention defined in claim 12 wherein the regenerating gas is treated with a combustible material for removing the excess oxidizing agent.

15. A process for cracking hydrocarbon oils which comprises vaporizing the oil to be cracked, mixing the resulting vapors with a finely divided cracking catalyst to form a suspension, passing the resulting suspension through a cracking zone maintained at active cracking temperature, keeping said suspension within said cracking zone for a period sufiicient to convert at least 30% thereof into motor fuel constituents, thereafter separating cracked vapors from said catalyst, .fractionally separating a motor fuel distillate from the resulting vapors, suspending the,

catalyst so separated in a stream of inert gas to remove volatile hydrocarbon constituents retained thereon, thereafter separating the catalyst from the inert gas, suspending the catalyst so separated in passing the rethrough a plurality of combustion zones maintained at a temperature sufficien-t to burn carbonaceous deposits contained thereon, cooling the catalyst between said combustion zones to prevent the temperature from exceeding 1200 F., thereafter segregating the regenerated catalyst from the regenerating gas, and returning the former to the cracking zone.

' CHARLES W. TYSON. 

